Fig. 4 Pollen and micro-charcoal diagram of core TG-22 (selected taxa, pollen sum = total pollen; concentration = n cm−3). ∼120 pollen types were detected, mostly indicative of a taiga environment dominated by conifers (Abies, Larix, Pinus, Picea) and birch (Betula), with very few shrubs (mainly Erica, Ledum palustre, Vaccinium) and few herbs (mainly Gramineae and Cyperaceae with Aconitum, Artemisia, Caryophyllaceae, Filipendula, Plantago, Potentilla, Pyrola, Ranunculus, Sedum, Thalicrum, ecc). Periodical local fires are suggested by peaks in >250 μm micro-charcoal coinciding with a decrease in tree pollen concentrations. Two different pollen zones are visible: Zone I (below ∼100 cm), indicative of taiga forest growing on a wet ground; Zone II (above ∼80 cm), with taiga pollens plus: (a) hydrophytes (free floating plants such as Hydrocharis, Lemna, and rooted plants growing usually in 3–4 meters water depth, such as Callitriche, Hottonia, Myriophyllum, Nuphar, Nymphaea, Potamogeton, Sagittaria); (b) increasing hydrophytes (Alnus, Salix, Cyperaceae) and (c) increasing helophytes (Alisma, Caltha palustris, Menyanthes trifoliata, Phragmites, Typha latifolia).
